Phe323

SUMMARY OF NOTE ON ENERGY FOR PHYSICAL ACTIVITIES • Energy is the capacity to do work • Physical activity refers to any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that requires energy expenditure • The body needs energy to perform any movement or physical activities. • The unit of energy needed for muscle contractions in human body is ATP ( Adenosine Triphosphate ) • Energy is derived from the breakdown of nutrients. • A balanced diet is one that provides all the essential nutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water) in the correct proportions to maintain health, support growth, and provide adequate energy. • The main classes of food (nutrients) are: carbohydrates , proteins , fats , vitamins , minerals , and water . • Carbohydrates , fats , and proteins are the primary sources of energy. • Food eaten must be digested before they can yield energy. • Digestion is the process of breaking down large, complex, and insoluble food molecules into sma...

Training Training in sport is the systematic and structured process of preparing an athlete to optimize their performance in a specific sport or athletic event. It involves a planned and progressive application of various exercises and drills designed to elicit physiological, technical, tactical, and psychological adaptations. Effects of Training Increased stroke volume, cardiac output, VO2 max (maximal oxygen uptake), and improved capillarization of muscles, leading to enhanced endurance. Hypertrophy (muscle growth), increased strength, power, and muscular endurance, improved efficiency of muscle fiber recruitment. Enhanced enzyme activity, increased glycogen storage, improved lactate threshold, and greater efficiency in utilizing fat as an energy source. Improved coordination, agility, balance, reaction time, and enhanced neural drive to muscles. Increased bone density and strength. Acquisition of new skills and techniques specific to the sport. Increased self-confidence and self-eff...

Lipids are large molecules and generally are not water-soluble. Like carbohydrates and protein, lipids are broken into small components for absorption. Since most of our digestive enzymes are water-based, how does the body break down fat and make it available for the various functions it must perform in the human body? A family of organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They are insoluble in water. The three main types of lipids are triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols. From the Mouth to the Stomach The first step in the digestion of triacylglycerols and phospholipids begins in the mouth as lipids encounter saliva. Next, the physical action of chewing coupled with the action of emulsifiers enables the digestive enzymes to do their tasks. The enzyme lingual lipase, along with a small amount of phospholipid as an emulsifier, initiates the process of digestion. These actions cause the fats to become more accessible to the digestive enzymes. As a result, the fats b...

(RESPONSES AND ADAPTATIONS ON SYSTEMS OF THE BODY) Responses are sudden, temporary functional physiological changes brought on the body as a result of acute exercise. These changes can be regarded to as short term effects of exercise. Short term effects of exercise on the body systems When a person takes part in exercise the cardiovascular, respiratory, energy and muscular systems all work together to supply energy to the working muscles and removes waste products. When the muscles start to work, they need more oxygen so the respiratory system responds by getting more oxygen into the lungs. The blood carries greater amounts of oxygen and the heart responds to pump more oxygenated blood around the body. These effects are shown below: Cardiovascular system  Increase in stroke volume (SV);  increase in heart rate (HR); increase in cardiac output (Q); increase in blood pressure (BP); redistribution of blood flow Respiratory system Increase in breathing rate (BR);  increase...